Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, Saxitoxins and Organisms

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Harmful Algae Website; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) food safety facts

Red Tide, PSP and Safe Shellfish Harvesting: Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) fact sheet

PSP Biotoxins in British Columbia: Fisheries & Oceans Canada

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: NOAA, Northwest Science Fisheries Center, Seattle, WA, USA

PSP in Washington State: Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department; pdf file

Gathering Safe Shellfish in Washington - Avoiding Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: by L. Nishitani, K.K. Chew, and T.L. King; Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department; pdf file (136 KB)

PSP in Shellfish: Washington State Department of Health

PSP toxins in shellfish: Washington State University

Rapid screening test for PSP: Jellett Rapid Testing Ltd., Nova Scotia, Canada

PSP Monitoring in Massachusetts: Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: University of Miami NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, USA

Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: By J.R. Deeds, J.H. Landsberg, S.M. Etheridge, G.C. Pitcher, and S.W. Longan (2008); Mar. Drugs 6: 308-348; Open Access PDF file (984 KB)

Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review: by D.-Z. Wang (2008) Mar. Drugs 6: 349-371; Open Access PDF file (521 KB); discusses PSP

Characterization of Intracellular and Extracellular Saxitoxin Levels in Both Field and Cultured Alexandrium spp. Samples from Sequim Bay, Washington: By K.A. Lefebvre, B.D. Bill, A. Erickson, K.A. Baugh, L. O’Rourke, P.R. Costa, S. Nance, and V.L. Trainer (2008) Mar. Drugs. 6: 103-116; Open Access PDF file (1,088 KB)

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Seafood safety and human health perspectives: By S.M. Etheridge (2010). Abstract in Toxicon

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Collection of mostly medical information (symptoms, diagnosis, treatment), from WrongDiagnosis.com

Alexandrium spp. PCR Detection Kit: DIATHEVA, Fano, Italy

Proliferation of dinoflagellates along the Catalan Coast (Spain): PhD thesis (1998) of Esther Garcés (in Spanish)

Alexandrium tamarense / catenella: IFREMER (in French)

Saxitoxin: Molecule of the Month, University of Sussex at Brighton, UK

Identifying Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates: (2002) Smithsonian Institution Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Volume 42:1-144 by Maria A. Faust and Rose A. The guide is a taxonomic resource, lab manual and the most comprehensive reference source for identifying 48 HAB dinoflagellate species. Contact Maria Faust about receiving a copy.

EFSA advice on the Saxitoxin Group: European Food Safety Authority. PDF files of the Summary and of the Opinion

Receptor Binding Assay Technique for Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins Quantification: PDF file of Reference Manual for saxitoxin assay; E.Z. Sombrito (ed.), Regional Resource Unit,, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), Quezon City, Philippines (2000); contains paper by F.M. Van Dolah: Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence

Description of PSP Toxins: FAO Food and Nutrition Papers

PSP Toxin Certified Reference Materials: National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Certified Reference Materials Program, Halifax, NS, Canada. Available standards: CRM-C1&2, CRM-dcGTX2&3-b, CRM-dcNEO-b, CRM-dcSTX, CRM-GTX1&4-c, CRM-GTX2&3-c, CRM-GTX5-b, CRM-NEO-c, CRM-STX-e

Saxitoxin Reference Standard: US FDA; National Institue of Standards and Technology, Standards and Reference Materials

* Saxitoxins ELISA Test Kit: Sold by Abraxis, Warminster, PA, USA

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