Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning and Organisms

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: Harmful Algae Website; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review: by D.-Z. Wang (2008) Mar. Drugs 6: 349-371; Open Access PDF file (521 KB); discusses DSP

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: Information from Lora E. Fleming, NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, Oceans and Human Health Center at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School, FL, USA

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison: NOAA, Northwest Science Fisheries Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning: Marine & Freshwater Biomedical Science Center; Oceans and Human Health Center at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School, Miami, FL, USA

DSP: University of Miami NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center

Dinophysis spp PCR detection Kit: DIATHEVA, Fano, Italy

Harmful algal blooms species in thin layers (HABIT): EU project to study Dinophysis in thin layers; pdf file of poster on the project; National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland

Description of DSP Toxins: FAO Food and Nutrition Papers. Note: this section includes pectenotoxins and yessotoxins, but these are incorrectly grouped with the DSP toxins; also, the structure of DTX2 is incorrect (it was revised in 2007; see the Larsen et al. 2007 paper, below: DOI 10.1021/tx700016m)

Larsen, K., D. Petersen, A.L. Wilkins, I.A. Samdal, M. Sandvik, T. Rundberget, D. Goldstone, V. Arcus, P. Hovgaard, F. Rise, N. Rehmann, P. Hess, and C.O. Miles. 2007. Clarification of the C-35 stereochemistries of dinophysistoxin-1 and dinophysistoxin-2 and is consequences for binding to protein phosphatase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20: 868-875. (Publisher's abstract)

Binding of DSP toxins to Protein Phosphatase: QuickTime movie of how OA, DTX1 and DTX2 bind to PP2A. Link to above paper in Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2007, 20: 868–875, DOI 10.1021/tx700016m

Huhn, J., P.D. Jeffrey, K. Larsen, T. Rundberget, F. Rise, N.R. Cox, V. Arcus, Y. Shi, and C.O. Miles. 2009. A structural basis for the reduced toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22: 1782-1786. (Publisher's abstract)

EFSA advice on the Okadaic Acid and Analogues: European Food Safety Authority. PDF files of the Summary and of the Opinion

DSP Toxin Certified Reference Materials: National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Certified Reference Materials Program, Halifax, NS, Canada. Available standards: CRM-DSP-Mus-b (okadaic acid plus DTX1 in a mussel extract), CRM-OA-c (okadaic acid)

* Okadaic Acid (DSP) ELISA Test Kit: Sold by Abraxis, Warminster, PA, USA

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